what to do when the national anthem is played

National anthem of the United States

"The Star-Spangled Banner"

The primeval surviving sheet music of "The Star-Spangled Banner", from 1814
National anthem of the United States
Lyrics	Francis Scott Key, 1814
Music	John Stafford Smith, c.  1773
Adopted	March iii, 1931 (1931-03-03) [1]
Audio sample
"The Star-Spangled Imprint" (choral with band accompaniment, one stanza) file help

"The Star-Spangled Banner" is the national anthem of the United states. The lyrics come from the "Defence of Fort M'Henry",^[ii] a poem written on September 14, 1814, past 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key later witnessing the battery of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Fundamental was inspired by the large U.S. flag, with 15 stars and 15 stripes, known every bit the Star-Spangled Imprint, flight triumphantly above the fort during the U.Southward. victory.

The poem was gear up to the melody of a popular British vocal written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Gild, a men's social society in London. "To Anacreon in Heaven" (or "The Anacreontic Vocal"), with various lyrics, was already popular in the U.s.a.. This setting, renamed "The Star-Spangled Banner", soon became a well-known U.S. patriotic song. With a range of 19 semitones, information technology is known for existence very difficult to sing. Although the poem has four stanzas, only the kickoff is normally sung today.

"The Star-Spangled Banner" was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889, and past U.S. president Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3, 1931 (46 Stat. 1508, codification at 36 U.s.a.C. § 301), which was signed by President Herbert Hoover.

Earlier 1931, other songs served as the hymns of U.S. officialdom. "Hail, Columbia" served this purpose at official functions for near of the 19th century. "My Land, 'Tis of Thee", whose melody is identical to "God Save the Queen", the United Kingdom'southward national anthem,^[3] also served as a de facto national anthem.^[4] Following the War of 1812 and subsequent U.Due south. wars, other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events, amid them "America the Beautiful", which itself was being considered before 1931 as a candidate to become the national anthem of the U.s.a..^[5]

Early history

Francis Scott Cardinal'due south lyrics

On September 3, 1814, following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria, Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set canvass from Baltimore aboard the ship HMSMinden, a dare ship flight a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison. Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners, one of whom was William Beanes, the elderly and pop town doc of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key who had been captured in his home. Beanes was defendant of aiding the abort of British soldiers. Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMSTonnant on September seven and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans. At beginning, Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes but relented afterwards Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind handling.^{[ citation needed ]}

Because Fundamental and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the assault on Baltimore, they were held captive until after the battle, first aboard HMSSurprise and later back on HMS Minden. After the bombardment, certain British gunboats attempted to skid by the fort and issue a landing in a cove to the west of information technology, merely they were turned away by burn from nearby Fort Covington, the city's terminal line of defense.^{[ citation needed ]}

An creative person'southward rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry

During the rainy night, Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort'south smaller "storm flag" connected to wing, just one time the shell and Congreve rocket^[six] barrage had stopped, he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn. On the morning of September 14, the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised.^{[ citation needed ]}

During the bombardment, HMSTerror and HMS Falling star provided some of the "bombs bursting in air".^{[ citation needed ]}

Fundamental was inspired by the U.S. victory and the sight of the large U.S. flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag, with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her habitation on Baltimore'southward Pratt Street. The flag later came to exist known as the Star-Spangled Imprint, and is today on display in the National Museum of American History, a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution. It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler, and again in 1998 equally part of an ongoing conservation plan.^{[ citation needed ]}

Aboard the ship the adjacent twenty-four hour period, Key wrote a verse form on the dorsum of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on September 16, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore. He completed the verse form at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and titled it "Defence of Fort M'Henry". It was start published nationally in The Analectic Magazine.^{[7] [viii]}

Much of the thought of the verse form, including the flag imagery and some of the wording, is derived from an earlier song by Key, also set to the tune of "The Anacreontic Song". The song, known as "When the Warrior Returns",^[9] was written in laurels of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the Kickoff Barbary War.^[10]

Absent-minded elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843, some have speculated more recently about the meaning of phrases or verses, specially the phrase "the hireling and slave" from the third stanza. According to British historian Robin Blackburn, the phrase allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organized as the Corps of Colonial Marines, who had been liberated past the British and demanded to exist placed in the battle line "where they might look to encounter their old masters."^[eleven] Mark Clague, a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan, argues that the "middle two verses of Key'south lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812" and "in no fashion glorifies or celebrates slavery."^[12] Clague writes that "For Key ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection."^[12] This harshly anti-British nature of Verse iii led to its omission in sheet music in Globe War I, when the British and the U.Due south. were allies.^[12] Responding to the assertion of author Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the vocal is a "celebration of slavery",^[xiii] Clague argues that the American forces at the battle consisted of a mixed group of White Americans and African Americans, and that "the term "freemen," whose heroism is celebrated in the quaternary stanza, would have encompassed both."^[14]

Others suggest that "Key may take intended the phrase equally a reference to the Majestic Navy'south practise of impressment which had been a major cistron in the outbreak of the war, or equally a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole (which included a large number of mercenaries)."^[15]

John Stafford Smith'southward music

Key gave the poem to his brother-in-constabulary Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the pop melody "The Anacreontic Song", past English composer John Stafford Smith. This was the official song of the Anacreontic Guild, an 18th-century gentlemen's club of amateur musicians in London. Nicholson took the verse form to a printer in Baltimore, who anonymously made the first known broadside press on September 17; of these, two known copies survive.^{[ citation needed ]}

On September 20, both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song, with the note "Tune: Anacreon in Heaven". The song chop-chop became popular, with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing information technology. Before long after, Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together nether the title "The Star Spangled Banner", although information technology was originally called "Defence force of Fort 1000'Henry". Thomas Carr'south organisation introduced the raised fourth which became the standard difference from "The Anacreontic Song".^[16] The vocal's popularity increased and its first public performance took place in Oct when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley's tavern. Washington Irving, then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia, reprinted the vocal in Nov 1814.^{[ citation needed ]}

By the early 20th century, in that location were various versions of the song in popular use. Seeking a singular, standard version, President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Instruction with providing that official version. In response, the Bureau enlisted the aid of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement. Those musicians were Walter Damrosch, Will Earhart, Arnold J. Gantvoort, Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa. The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5, 1917, in a program that included Edward Elgar'southward Carillon and Gabriel Pierné's The Children's Cause. The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch.^[17] An official handwritten version of the concluding votes of these v men has been found and shows all v men's votes tallied, measure out past measure.^[eighteen]

National canticle

One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the "Defence of Fort M'Henry", a poem that later became the lyrics of "The Star-Spangled Imprint", the national anthem of the United States.

The vocal gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played information technology during public events, such as Independence Day celebrations.

A plaque displayed at Fort Meade, South Dakota, claims that the idea of making "The Star Spangled Banner" the national anthem began on their parade footing in 1892. Colonel Caleb Carlton, post commander, established the tradition that the song be played "at retreat and at the shut of parades and concerts." Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who "promised me that he would attempt to have the custom established among the state militia." Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion, Secretary of War Daniel South. Lamont issued an social club that information technology "be played at every Army post every evening at retreat."^[19]

In 1899, the U.Southward. Navy officially adopted "The Star-Spangled Imprint".^[20] In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that "The Star-Spangled Banner" exist played at military^[20] and other appropriate occasions. The playing of the vocal two years later during the seventh-inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series, and thereafter during each game of the serial is often cited as the starting time instance that the anthem was played at a baseball,^[21] though testify shows that the "Star-Spangled Banner" was performed as early as 1897 at opening solar day ceremonies in Philadelphia so more than regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York Metropolis offset in 1898. In any case, the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game game began in World War II.^[22]

On April 10, 1918, John Charles Linthicum, U.S. congressman from Maryland, introduced a bill to officially recognize "The Star-Spangled Imprint" as the national anthem.^[23] The bill did not pass.^[23] On April fifteen, 1929, Linthicum introduced the bill again, his sixth fourth dimension doing so.^[23] On November 3, 1929, Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated drawing, Ripley's Believe it or Not!, proverb "Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem".^[24]

In 1930, Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize "The Star-Spangled Banner" equally the national anthem.^[25] Five million people signed the petition.^[25] The petition was presented to the Usa House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31, 1930.^[26] On the same mean solar day, Elsie Jorss-Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the committee to refute the perception that information technology was too high pitched for a typical person to sing.^[27] The committee voted in favor of sending the beak to the House floor for a vote.^[28] The Business firm of Representatives passed the bill after that year.^[29] The Senate passed the beak on March 3, 1931.^[29] President Herbert Hoover signed the beak on March 4, 1931, officially adopting "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem of the United States of America.^[1] Equally currently codified, the United States Lawmaking states that "[t]he limerick consisting of the words and music known as the Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem."^[xxx] Although all four stanzas of the poem officially compose the National Anthem, only the kickoff stanza is mostly sung, the other three being much bottom known.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In the fourth verse, Key's 1814 published version of the poem is written as, "And this exist our motto-"In God is our trust!""^[8] In 1956 when 'In God We Trust' was under consideration to be adopted as the national motto of the U.s.a. by the US Congress, the words of the fourth poetry of The Star Spangled Banner were brought up in arguments supporting adoption of the motto.^[31]

Mod history

Performances

Crowd performing the U.Due south. national canticle before a baseball game at Coors Field

The vocal is notoriously hard for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range – a twelfth. Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song's difficulty in his book Information technology All Started With Columbus:

In an try to take Baltimore, the British attacked Fort McHenry, which protected the harbor. Bombs were soon bursting in air, rockets were glaring, and all in all it was a moment of peachy historical interest. During the bombardment, a young lawyer named Francis Off Key [sic] wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner", and when, past the dawn's early on lite, the British heard it sung, they fled in terror.^[32]

Professional and amateur singers accept been known to forget the words, which is i reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip-synced. Pop vocaliser Christina Aguilera performed wrong lyrics to the song prior to Super Bowl XLV, replacing the song'south fourth line, "o'er the ramparts we watched were and then gallantly streaming", with an alteration of the 2nd line, "what and so proudly nosotros watched at the twilight'southward final gleaming".^[33] Other times the issue is avoided past having the performer(southward) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it. The pre-recording of the anthem has get standard practice at some ballparks, such as Boston'south Fenway Park, according to the SABR publication The Fenway Projection.^[34]

"The Star-Spangled Banner" has been performed regularly at the beginning of NFL games since the terminate of WWII by club of NFL commissioner Elmer Layden.^[35] The song has too been intermittently performed at baseball games since subsequently WWI. The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and U.South. national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries (with the "abroad" anthem being performed first).^{[36] [ amend source needed ]} It is as well usual for both U.S. and Canadian anthems (done in the same fashion equally the NHL and MLS) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball game Association games involving the Toronto Blueish Jays and the Toronto Raptors (respectively), the simply Canadian teams in those ii major U.S. sports leagues, and in All Star Games on the MLB, NBA, and NHL. The Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League, which play in a metropolis on the Canada–US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base, play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based.^[37]

2 especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate backwash of the United States September eleven attacks. On September 12, 2001, Elizabeth II, the Queen of the United Kingdom, broke with tradition and allowed the Ring of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace, London, at the ceremonial Changing of the Baby-sit, as a gesture of support for Britain's ally.^[38] The following solar day at a St. Paul's Cathedral memorial service, the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem, an unprecedented occurrence.^[39]

During the 2019–xx Hong Kong protests, the anthem was sung by protesters demonstrating outside the U.Southward. consulate-general in an appeal to the U.S. government to help them with their crusade.^{[twoscore] [41] [42]}

200th anniversary celebrations

The 200th anniversary of the "Star-Spangled Banner" occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States. A particularly significant commemoration occurred during the week of September 10–16 in and around Baltimore, Maryland. Highlights included playing of a new organisation of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Barack Obama on Defender'south 24-hour interval, September 12, 2014, at Fort McHenry.^[43] In addition, the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration^[44] including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler.

Adaptations

The first pop music performance of the anthem heard past the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano. He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow, blues-fashion rendition of the song^[45] at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series, between Detroit and St. Louis.^[46] This rendition started contemporary "Star-Spangled Banner" controversies. The response from many in the Vietnam War-era U.Due south. was generally negative. Despite the controversy, Feliciano's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the "Star-Spangled Imprint" heard in the years since.^[47] Ane week later Feliciano's functioning, the anthem was in the news once more when U.Southward. athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the "Star-Spangled Banner" played at a medal anniversary. Stone guitarist Jimi Hendrix oft included a solo instrumental operation at concerts from 1968 to his expiry in 1970. Using high proceeds and distortion amplification effects and the vibrato arm on his guitar, Hendrix was able to simulate the sounds of rockets and bombs at the points when the lyrics are commonly heard.^[48] 1 such performance at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 was a highlight of event's 1970 documentary film, becoming "function of the sixties Zeitgeist".^[48] When asked almost negative reactions to his "unorthodox" treatment of the anthem, Hendrix, who served briefly in the U.S. Regular army, responded "I'chiliad American so I played it... Unorthodox? I thought it was beautiful, just at that place you go."^[49]

Marvin Gaye gave a soul-influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991, which was released as a unmarried that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 (along with José Feliciano, the only times the national anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100).^{[ citation needed ]} Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25, 1990. The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song, and afterward, she mocked ballplayers by spitting and grabbing her crotch equally if adjusting a protective cup. The performance offended some, including the sitting U.S. president, George H. W. Bush.^[50] Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 (at the Indianapolis 500, to which he later on issued a public apology) and over again in 2012 (at the AFC Title Game) with a cappella renditions of the song with inverse lyrics.^[51] In 2016, Aretha Franklin performed a rendition earlier the nationally-televised Minnesota Vikings-Detroit Lions Thanksgiving 24-hour interval game lasting more than four minutes and featuring a host of improvisations. It was one of Franklin'due south final public appearances earlier her 2018 death.^[52] Black Eyed Peas vocalizer Fergie gave a controversial performance of the canticle in 2018. Critics likened her rendition to a jazzy "sexed-upwards" version of the anthem, which was considered highly inappropriate, with her operation compared to that of Marilyn Monroe's iconic performance of Happy Altogether, Mr. President. Fergie subsequently apologized for her functioning of the vocal, stating that ''I'chiliad a risk taker artistically, only clearly this rendition didn't strike the intended tone".^[53]

In March 2005, a regime-sponsored program, the National Anthem Project, was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem.^[54]

Lyrics

O say can you see, past the dawn's early low-cal,
What and then proudly nosotros hailed at the twilight's concluding gleaming,
Whose wide stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;
O say does that star-spangled imprint withal moving ridge
O'er the country of the costless and the domicile of the brave?

On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, one-half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morn's first axle,
In total glory reflected now shines in the stream:
'Tis the star-spangled banner, O long may it moving ridge
O'er the land of the gratuitous and the home of the brave.

And where is that band who and so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of state of war and the battle's defoliation,
A abode and a state, should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave,
O'er the state of the costless and the home of the brave.

O thus be information technology ever, when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the war's desolation.
Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved u.s. a nation!
Then conquer nosotros must, when our cause it is only,
And this be our motto: 'In God is our trust.'
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O'er the state of the free and the home of the brave!^[55]

Cover of canvas music for "The Star-Spangled Banner", transcribed for pianoforte by Ch. Voss, Philadelphia: Thousand. Andre & Co., 1862

Additional Civil War menstruation lyrics

Xviii years after Key'due south decease, and in indignation over the start of the American Civil War, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.^[56] added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861, which appeared in songbooks of the era.^[57]

When our land is illumined with Freedom'south grinning,
If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory,
Down, down with the traitor that dares to defile
The flag of her stars and the page of her story!
By the millions unchained, who our birthright take gained,
Nosotros will go on her bright blazon forever unstained!
And the Star-Spangled Imprint in triumph shall moving ridge
While the land of the gratuitous is the home of the dauntless.

Alternative lyrics

In a version hand-written by Francis Scott Key in 1840, the third line reads: "Whose bright stars and broad stripes, through the clouds of the fight".^[58] In laurels of the 1986 rededication of the Statue of Liberty, Sandi Patty wrote her version of an additional verse to the anthem.^[59]

References in moving-picture show, goggle box, literature

Several films have their titles taken from the vocal's lyrics. These include two films titled Dawn's Early Light (2000^[60] and 2005);^[61] two fabricated-for-TV features titled By Dawn's Early on Lite (1990^[62] and 2000);^[63] two films titled So Proudly We Hail (1943^[64] and 1990);^[65] a characteristic film (1977)^[66] and a short (2005)^[67] titled Twilight's Last Gleaming; and 4 films titled Home of the Brave (1949,^[68] 1986,^[69] 2004,^[seventy] and 2006).^[71] A 1936 short titled The Song of a Nation from Warner Bros. Pictures shows a version of the origin of the vocal.^[72] The title of Isaac Asimov's short story No Refuge Could Save is a reference to the song's third verse, and the obscurity of this verse is a major plot point.^[73]

Community and federal law

Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the U.S. national anthem came almost in Tacoma, Washington, on October xviii, 1893, in the Bostwick edifice

When the U.S. national anthem was first recognized by police in 1931, in that location was no prescription as to beliefs during its playing. On June 22, 1942, the law was revised indicating that those in compatible should salute during its playing, while others should simply stand at attending, men removing their hats. The aforementioned code likewise required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the national anthem, only not if the flag was non present. On December 23, 1942, the constabulary was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and confront in the direction of the music when it was played. That revision besides directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed. Those in compatible were required to salute. On July 7, 1976, the constabulary was simplified. Men and women were instructed to stand with their easily over their hearts, men removing their hats, irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting. On August 12, 1998, the constabulary was rewritten keeping the aforementioned instructions, only differentiating between "those in uniform" and "members of the Military machine and veterans" who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed. Because of the changes in law over the years and defoliation between instructions for the Pledge of Allegiance versus the National Anthem, throughout almost of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Canticle, and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their mitt (or lid) over their centre. Later ix/11, the custom of placing the hand over the centre during the playing of the national anthem became well-nigh universal.^{[74] [75] [76]}

Since 1998, federal law (viz., the United States Code 36 UsaC. § 301) states that during a rendition of the national anthem, when the flag is displayed, all present including those in uniform should stand at attention; non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart; members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are nowadays and not in uniform may return the military salute; military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right manus and hold the headdress at the left shoulder, the manus being over the middle; and members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the beginning annotation of the anthem and maintain that position until the last annotation. The police force further provides that when the flag is non displayed, all nowadays should face toward the music and human action in the same style they would if the flag were displayed. Military police force requires all vehicles on the installation to finish when the vocal is played and all individuals outside to stand up at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute, in uniform, or place the right hand over the heart, if out of uniform. The law was amended in 2008, and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform, as well.^{[77] [78]}

The text of 36 UsaC. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature. Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of the constabulary. This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same Kickoff Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance.^[79] For example, Jehovah's Witnesses practise non sing the national anthem, though they are taught that standing is an "upstanding determination" that individual believers must make based on their conscience.^{[80] [81] [82]}

Translations

As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English language-speaking people into the land, the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages. In 1861, information technology was translated into German language.^[83] The Library of Congress also has tape of a Spanish-linguistic communication version from 1919.^[84] It has since been translated into Hebrew^[85] and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants,^[86] Latin American Spanish (with 1 version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006),^[87] French by Acadians of Louisiana,^[88] Samoan,^[89] and Irish.^[xc] The tertiary poetry of the anthem has also been translated into Latin.^[91]

With regard to the ethnic languages of North America, there are versions in Navajo^{[92] [93] [94]} and Cherokee.^[95]

Protests

1968 Olympics Blackness Power salute

The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City. Later having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200-meter running event, they turned on the podium to face their flags, and to hear the American national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". Each athlete raised a black-gloved fist, and kept them raised until the anthem had finished. In addition, Smith, Carlos, and Australian argent medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets. In his autobiography, Silent Gesture, Smith stated that the gesture was not a "Blackness Power" salute, but a "man rights salute". The event is regarded as one of the well-nigh overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games.^[96]

Protests confronting police force brutality (2016–present)

Protests against law brutality and racism by kneeling on one human knee during the national anthem began in the National Football League later San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick knelt during the anthem, as opposed to the tradition of standing, in response to police brutality in the United States, before his team'due south third preseason game of 2016. Kaepernick sat during the beginning two preseason games, but he went unnoticed.^[97] In particular, protests focus on the give-and-take of slavery (and mercenaries) in the third verse of the canticle, in which some take interpreted the lyrics equally condemning slaves that had joined the British in an effort to earn their liberty.^[98] Since Kaepernick's protest, other athletes accept joined in the protests. In the 2017 flavour, after President Donald Trump'southward condemnation of the kneeling, which included calling for complacent players (whom he reportedly also referred to by diverse profanities)^{[ citation needed ]} to exist fired, many NFL players responded by protesting during the national anthem that week. After the police-involved killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, when the 2020–21 NBA season resumed play in July 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of players and coaches kneeled during the national anthem through the finish of the season.

California chapter of the NAACP call to remove the national canticle

In November 2017, the California Chapter of the NAACP called on Congress to remove "The Star-Spangled Banner" every bit the national anthem. Alice Huffman, California NAACP president, said: "Information technology's racist; it doesn't stand for our community, it's anti-blackness."^[99] The third stanza of the anthem, which is rarely sung and few know, contains the words "No refuge could relieve the hireling and slave, from the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave", which some interpret as racist. The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of its announcement.^{[ citation needed ]}

Media

See also

• In God We Trust
• "God Bless America"

References

1. ^ ^{a b} ""Star-Spangled Banner" Is Now Official Anthem". The Washington Post. March 5, 1931. p. 3.
2. ^ "Defence of Fort Thou'Henry | Library of Congress". Loc.gov . Retrieved April xviii, 2017.
3. ^ "My country 'tis of thee [Vocal Collection]". The Library of Congress. Retrieved January xx, 2009.
4. ^ Snyder, Lois Leo (1990). Encyclopedia of Nationalism . Paragon Firm. p. 13. ISBN1-55778-167-2.
5. ^ Estrella, Espie (September two, 2018). "Who Wrote "America the Cute"? The History of America's Unofficial National Canticle". thoughtco.com. ThoughtCo. Retrieved November 14, 2018. Many consider "America the Beautiful" to be the unofficial national canticle of the United states of america. In fact, it was one of the songs being considered as a U.S. national anthem before "Star Spangled Banner" was officially chosen.
6. ^ British Rockets at the Usa National Park Service, Fort McHenry National Monument, and Historic Shrine. Retrieved February 2008. Archived April iii, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
7. ^ "John Wiley & Sons: 200 Years of Publishing – Nativity of the New American Literature: 1807–1826". Retrieved April 27, 2018.
8. ^ ^{a b} "Defence of Fort M'Henry". The Analectic Mag. 4: 433–434. Nov 1814. hdl:2027/umn.31951000925404p.
9. ^ "When the Warrior Returns – Fundamental". Potw.org . Retrieved April 18, 2017.
10. ^ Vile, John R. (2021). America's National Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner" in U.S. History, Culture, and Police force. ABC-CLIO. p. 277. ISBN978-1-4408-7319-five. Key composed a poem for an event honoring Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart, two heroes of the war in Tripoli
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Farther reading

• Christgau, Robert (August 13, 2019). "Jimi Hendrix's 'Star-Spangled Imprint' is the canticle we need in the age of Trump". Los Angeles Times.
• Ferris, Marc. Star-Spangled Banner: The Unlikely Story of America'south National Anthem. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014. ISBN 9781421415185 OCLC 879370575
• Leepson, Marc. What So Proudly We Hailed: Francis Scott Cardinal, a Life. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. ISBN 9781137278289 OCLC 860395373
• Poems of the belatedly Francis S. Key, esq., author of "The Star Spangled Banner" ; with an introductory letter by Chief Justice Taney , Published 1857 (The letter from Chief Justice Taney tells us the history backside the writing of the verse form written by Francis Scott Key),^[i]

External links

• "New volume reveals the dark history behind the Star Spangled Imprint", CBS This Forenoon, September 13, 2014 (via YouTube).
• "Star-Spangled History: 5 Facts Virtually the Making of the National Anthem", Biography.com.
• "'Star-Spangled Banner' writer had a complex record on race", Mary Carole McCauley, The Baltimore Lord's day, July 26, 2014.
• "The Man Behind the National Anthem Paid Little Attention to It". NPR's Hither and At present, July four, 2017.
• Star-Spangled Imprint (Memory)—American Treasures of the Library of Congress exhibition
• "How the National Canticle Has Unfurled; 'The Star-Spangled Banner' Has Inverse a Lot in 200 Years" by William Robin. June 27, 2014, The New York Times, p. AR10.
• TV tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star-Spangled Banner exhibit—C-SPAN, American History, May fifteen, 2014

Historical sound

• "The Star Spangled Imprint", The Diamond Four, 1898
• "The Star Spangled Banner", Margaret Woodrow Wilson, 1915

1. ^ Key, Francis Scott (April 24, 1857). "Poems of the belatedly Francis S. Cardinal, Esq., author of "The Star spangled banner" : with and introductory letter by Chief Justice Taney". New York : Robert Carter & Brothers – via Cyberspace Annal.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner

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